In 1859, James Clerk Maxwell introduced mathematical form of four fundamental laws of electricity and magnetism. The laws are :
- Gauss's law of Electricity
- Gauss's law of Magnetism
- Faraday's law of Electromagnetic Induction
- Ampere's Circuital Law
Gauss's Law of Electricity :
He expressed first law as,
which states that the total normal electronic introduction / flux coming out from a close surface is equal to the ration of amount of charge enclosed by the surface and the permittivity of the vacuum.
Gauss's Law of Magnetism :
The second law which states that, the total magnetic flux coming out from any closed surface is always zero, can be written as,
Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction :
Faraday's law states that Emf induced in a loop is equal to rate of change of magnetic flux in it.
Ampere's Circuital Law :
4th law states that, the closed integration of ∮B ᐧ dl over any loop is equal the current enclosed by the loop is expressed as
These are the integral form of these laws.
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